Ancient Science

Medicine in the Ancients

How a missing foot in Borneo is upending what we've known about human history At the center of a cathedral-size cave in remote Borneo, an Indonesian archaeologist brushed away sediment to reveal the top of a human skull. Next came a perfect right foot. Then, a leg.

Neanderthal medics? Evidence for food, cooking, and medicinal plants entrapped in dental calculus - The Science of NatureNeanderthals disappeared sometime between 30,000 and 24,000 years ago. Until recently, Neanderthals were understood to have been predominantly meat-eaters; however, a growing body of evidence suggests their diet also included plants. We present the results of a study, in which sequential thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) were combined with morphological analysis of plant microfossils, to identify material entrapped in dental calculus from five Neanderthal individuals from the north Spanish site of El Sidrón. Our results provide the first molecular evidence for inhalation of wood-fire smoke and bitumen or oil shale and ingestion of a range of cooked plant foods. We also offer the first evidence for the use of medicinal plants by a Neanderthal individual. The varied use of plants that we have identified suggests that the Neanderthal occupants of El Sidrón had a sophisticated knowledge of their natural surroundings which included the ability to select and use certain plants.

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